{"id":112,"date":"2014-11-22T06:00:10","date_gmt":"2014-11-22T05:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pensalla.cat\/?p=112"},"modified":"2014-12-31T00:55:18","modified_gmt":"2014-12-30T23:55:18","slug":"la-neutralitat-de-la-xarxa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pensalla.cat\/?p=112","title":{"rendered":"La neutralitat de la xarxa"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-top:0px;\t\r\npadding-right:0px;\r\npadding-bottom:0px;\r\npadding-left:0px;\r\nmargin-top:0px;\r\nmargin-right:0px;\r\nmargin-bottom:0px;\r\nmargin-left:0px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share\" class=\"twitter-share-button\" \r\n\t\t\t\t        data-url=\"https:\/\/pensalla.cat\/?p=112\" \r\n\t\t\t\t        data-via=\"jjofra\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-text=\"La neutralitat de la xarxa\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-related=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-count=\"none\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-hashtags=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-lang=\"autoLANGauto\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-counturl=\"pensalla.cat\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-size=\"medium\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-dnt=\"false\"\t> Tweet <\/a> <\/div>\r\n\t\t                <script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    !function(d,s,id) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t      var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];\r\n\t\t\t\t\t      if(!d.getElementById(id)) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t       js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);\r\n\t\t\t\t\t      }\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    }\r\n\t\t\t\t\t   (document,\"script\",\"twitter-wjs\");\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    <\/script><p><a href=\"http:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/112270903?title=0&amp;byline=0&amp;portrait=0&amp;color=ff9933\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-193 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/20141121-neutralitat.png?resize=750%2C420\" alt=\"20141121 neutralitat\" width=\"750\" height=\"420\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/20141121-neutralitat.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-medium wp-image-113 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/20141121-neutralitat-300x166.jpg?resize=300%2C166\" alt=\"20141121 neutralitat\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/20141121-neutralitat.jpg?resize=300%2C166&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/20141121-neutralitat.jpg?resize=100%2C55&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/20141121-neutralitat.jpg?resize=150%2C83&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/20141121-neutralitat.jpg?resize=200%2C111&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/20141121-neutralitat.jpg?resize=450%2C250&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/20141121-neutralitat.jpg?w=474&amp;ssl=1 474w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Fa molts dies que parlem de coses pr\u00e0ctiques, com ara fer diners la setmana passada. Aix\u00ed que he pensat de fer avui\u00a0una mica de teoria\u00a0i parlar d&#8217;un tema de molta actualitat, per\u00f2 poc analitzat perqu\u00e8 \u00e9s ben complicat: avui us parlar\u00e9 de la neutralitat de la xarxa, que no t\u00e9 res a veure amb virus ni hackers, i s\u00ed amb monopolis i censura.<\/p>\n<p>Si la xarxa no fos neutral,\u00a0no hi hauria llibertat\u00a0i segurament moltes p\u00e0gines que visitem trigarien tant a carregar-se que en desistir\u00edem en favor d&#8217;unes altres. \u00c9s precisament el que volen certs membres de comissions governamentals dedicades a aquestes q\u00fcestions, per\u00f2 ara m&#8217;avan\u00e7o i aix\u00f2 requereix d&#8217;explicar-ho tot amb detall.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/20141121-neutralitat_nuvol1.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pensalla.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/20141121-neutralitat_nuvol1.png?resize=750%2C329\" alt=\"20141121 neutralitat_nuvol\" width=\"750\" height=\"329\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s la neutralitat?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Quan treballem amb internet, ho fem amb\u00a0paquets de dades\u00a0que viatgen pel m\u00f3n: pocs paquets si enviem un tuit o molts paquets si veiem un film. Avui, tots els paquets que viatgen tenen\u00a0la mateixa prioritat\u00a0tant per als transportadors de paquets, els grans operadors d&#8217;infrastructures com Cogent, o per als prove\u00efdors del tram final, el que arriba a casa nostra, com Movistar, Jazztel, Ono, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Aix\u00f2 vol dir que si tenim una connexi\u00f3 suficient a internet, podrem veure\u00a0un film sense dificultats, per\u00f2 exactament aix\u00f2 \u00e9s el que no passava l&#8217;hivern del 2013-2014 als Estats Units, quan els clients de Netflix, el gran prove\u00efdor de pel\u00b7l\u00edcules i s\u00e8ries, es queixaven que hi havia moltes interrupcions en la visualitzaci\u00f3 si eren clients de Comcast, un dels principals ISP nord-americans.<\/p>\n<p>La soluci\u00f3 que va adoptar Netflix per a mantenir els seus clients va \u00e9sser pagar extra a Verizon i Comcast perqu\u00e8 no alentissin els paquets que arribaven de Cogent, el prove\u00efdor de &#8216;canonades&#8217;.\u00a0Us aconsello que mireu\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/video\/technology\/100000002881329\/how-net-neutrality-works.html\">aquest\u00a0v\u00eddeo<\/a>\u00a0amb un esquema del funcionament dels paquets d&#8217;internet, al NYT de diumenge: el v\u00eddeo forma part de\u00a0l&#8217;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/11\/16\/your-money\/a-plumbing-problem-for-the-internet-and-the-stock-market-.html\">article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>La neutralitat de la xarxa, la va popularitzar el\u00a02003 Tim Wu, professor de dret a la Universitat de Col\u00fambia a Nova York. I consta de quatre punts que afecten la transmissi\u00f3 de les dades. Ja veureu que alguns semblen elementals:<\/p>\n<p>-sense examinar el contingut<\/p>\n<p>-sense tenir en compte l&#8217;origen o la destinaci\u00f3<\/p>\n<p>-sense privilegiar-ne cap protocol<\/p>\n<p>-sense alterar-ne el contingut<\/p>\n<p>Intentar\u00e9, amb un esquema molt simplificat, d&#8217;explicar com funciona la distribuci\u00f3 de les dades amb els\u00a0servidors de VilaWeb\u00a0quan emeten dades a internet. Per poder emetre &#8216;es col\u00b7loquen&#8217; en un prove\u00efdor de &#8216;col\u00b7locaci\u00f3&#8217; (no \u00e9s conya, en angl\u00e8s &#8216;colocation&#8217;) que \u00e9s un prove\u00efdor connectat a un punt d&#8217;intercanvi (Internet Exchange Point) perqu\u00e8 els continguts arribin a tots els usuaris, siguin connectats al prove\u00efdor que sigui. Per aquesta connexi\u00f3 es paga depenent del\u00a0tr\u00e0nsit que surt. Els usuaris paguen a un\u00a0prove\u00efdor d&#8217;acc\u00e9s\u00a0pel tr\u00e0nsit que hi entra, ja sigui perqu\u00e8 volen llegir VilaWeb com per veure un film.<\/p>\n<p>Si voleu aprofundir-ne una mica m\u00e9s i saber qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el\u00a0peering, l&#8217;intercanvi de paquets, i com funciona internament la xarxa, seguiu\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/drpeering.net\/\">aquest link<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Una xarxa no neutral, per fer-ne un s\u00edmil, \u00e9s com si a les\u00a0autopistes\u00a0no deixessin circular per l&#8217;esquerra els cotxes que no fossin d&#8217;una marca determinada, o com si a la\u00a0Diagonal de Barcelona\u00a0hi hagu\u00e9s un carril\u00a0Lamborgini&#8230;\u00a0com demanava Tito B Diagonal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Per<\/strong><strong>\u00a0qu\u00e8 en parlem, ara?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ja fa temps, el\u00a0maig del 2014, els principals prove\u00efdors de contingut a internet (Google, Facebook, Linkedin, Amazon, Microsoft, Netflix i Yahoo!, entre un centenar m\u00e9s) van enviar una carta de queixa a la Comissi\u00f3 Federal de Comunicacions dels EUA (FCC) per la proposta de posar fi al principi de neutralitat. El president de l&#8217;FCC,\u00a0Tom Wheeler, nomenat pel president Barack Obama i, abans, lobbista en favor de les companyies de cable interessades en la xarxa amb prioritats, plantejava una\u00a0regulaci\u00f3 que permetria de cobrar\u00a0per un servei m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid a les empreses de continguts.<\/p>\n<p>Ara se&#8217;n parla perqu\u00e8\u00a0Obama\u00a0va fer unes\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/net-neutrality\">declaracions\u00a0en v\u00eddeo<\/a>\u00a0penjades a la web de la Casa Blanca el 10 de novembre dient que d\u00f3na suport a mantenir internet oberta i neutral en oposici\u00f3 al cap de l&#8217;FCC que, recordem-ho, va nomenar ell mateix perqu\u00e8 era un dels principals aportadors de diners a les seves campanyes.<\/p>\n<p>Encara que la regulaci\u00f3 \u00e9s tasca de la UIT (Uni\u00f3 Internacional de Telecomunicacions), a ning\u00fa se li escapa que qui talla el bacall\u00e0 i qui genera el tr\u00e0nsit d&#8217;internet s\u00f3n els EUA, aix\u00ed que el que regulin ells es convertir\u00e0 en un est\u00e0ndard de facto.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qu\u00e8 volen fer i quan?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>En resum, Obama diu que l&#8217;FCC ha d&#8217;aconseguir que ni les empreses de cable ni les empreses telef\u00f2niques puguin\u00a0restringir\u00a0que es pot fer o veure en l\u00ednia. (&#8216;To ensure that neither the cable company nor the phone company will be able to act as a gatekeeper, restricting what you can do or see online.&#8217;) i inclou els quatre punts seg\u00fcents:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<strong>no blocatge<\/strong>\u00a0(no blocking): si un usuari vol accedir a una web o servei i el contingut \u00e9s legal, l&#8217;ISP no ha de tenir perm\u00e8s blocar l&#8217;acc\u00e9s<\/p>\n<p><strong>-no variar la velocitat<\/strong>\u00a0(no throtling): cap ISP no ha de poder reduir o augmentar la velocitat depenent de les seves prefer\u00e8ncies<\/p>\n<p><strong>-m\u00e9s transpar\u00e8ncia<\/strong>\u00a0(increased transparency): pels ISP i els punts d&#8217;interconnexi\u00f3 entre l&#8217;ISP i la resta d&#8217;internet<\/p>\n<p><strong>-no prioritzaci\u00f3 pagada<\/strong>\u00a0(no paid prioritization): cap servei o paquet es posar\u00e0 a la cua o a velocitats lentes perqu\u00e8 no paga una quota<\/p>\n<p>Per\u00f2 l&#8217;FCC \u00e9s un organisme independent, com acabar\u00e0 tot?\u00a0Gaireb\u00e9 quatre milions de persones\u00a0s&#8217;han adre\u00e7at a l&#8217;FCC demanant lleis que permetin que ning\u00fa no s&#8217;aprofiti de la xarxa amb els seus diners, per\u00f2 fins ara l&#8217;FCC ha anat fent la seva pol\u00edtica. Canviar\u00e0 ara que Obama els ha deixat clar qu\u00e8 n&#8217;espera? &#8216;Els demano respectuosament que adoptin la pol\u00edtica que he esmentat.&#8217; (&#8216;I respectully ask them to adopt the policies I have outlined here.&#8217;)<\/p>\n<p>En canvi, els ISP com Verizon i una bona part de senadors republicans diuen que els plans del president s\u00f3n inacceptables.<\/p>\n<p>En principi, l&#8217;FCC s&#8217;havia proposat d&#8217;emetre un veredicte sobre la neutralitat a la seva reuni\u00f3 del desembre. Ara sembla que la primera decisi\u00f3 ser\u00e0 el maig del 2015, primera decisi\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 segurament, sigui quina sigui, ser\u00e0\u00a0impugnada\u00a0als tribunals. Aix\u00ed que en sentirem a parlar durant molt de temps.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I qu\u00e8 en diuen, a Europa?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ha costat, per\u00f2 al final en tenim una posici\u00f3 oficial. Si sou del g\u00e8nere masoquista, podeu llegir\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sides\/getDoc.do?pubRef=-\/\/EP\/\/TEXT+MOTION+B7-2011-0572+0+DOC+XML+V0\/\/ES\">aquesta proposta<\/a>\u00a0de resoluci\u00f3 del\u00a0parlament del 2011\u00a0que, entre molta palla, diu:<\/p>\n<p>2. Observa que, seg\u00fan las conclusiones de la comunicaci\u00f3n de la Comisi\u00f3n, no existe en las circunstancias actuales una necesidad clara de intervenci\u00f3n reguladora adicional en materia de neutralidad de la red a escala europea;<\/p>\n<p>13.\u00a0Considera que el principio de neutralidad de la red constituye una condici\u00f3n previa necesaria para permitir el desarrollo de un ecosistema innovador para internet y para asegurar unas condiciones equitativas al servicio de los ciudadanos y los empresarios europeos;<\/p>\n<p>Finalment, despr\u00e9s de molt de retard es va convertir en llei l\u2019abril del 2014, amb la iniciativa &#8216;Continente Conectado&#8217; gr\u00e0cies a l\u2019empenta de la vice-presidenta de la comissi\u00f3,\u00a0Neelie Kroes, ara substitu\u00efda per Guenter Oettinger com a comissari de Telecomunicacions, i que diu que el tr\u00e0nsit d&#8217;internet\u00a0&#8216;debe ser tratado de forma igualitaria, sin discriminaci\u00f3n, restricci\u00f3n o interferencias independientemente de qui\u00e9n lo env\u00eda, qui\u00e9n lo recibe, su tipo, su contenido, su dispositivo, su servicio o su aplicaci\u00f3n&#8217;.\u00a0Per\u00f2 aquesta llei\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/europa.eu\/rapid\/press-release_IP-14-373_es.htm\">est\u00e0\u00a0pendent d&#8217;aprovaci\u00f3<\/a>\u00a0del consell.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aix\u00f2 ens afecta?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Com a usuaris, ens interessa que la xarxa sigui neutral, que ens n&#8217;arribin els continguts per igual\u00a0o que puguem decidir a quina\u00a0botiga\u00a0comprem no segons el temps de c\u00e0rrega de la p\u00e0gina, sin\u00f3 pels productes que venen i el preu o condicions que ens ofereix. O no perqu\u00e8 pagui m\u00e9s, ens arribi abans la\u00a0propaganda pol\u00edtica\u00a0d&#8217;un partit o d&#8217;un altre.<\/p>\n<p>S&#8217;ha demostrat que Comcast, el prove\u00efdor d&#8217;internet que tamb\u00e9 controla NBC Entertainment, controla el tr\u00e0nsit de Fox, Disney i Netflix, la seva compet\u00e8ncia, i pot fer i ha fet el que vulgui amb el tr\u00e0nsit de Netflix fins a obligar-los a tenir un sobrecost.<\/p>\n<p>Les implicacions de la neutralitat de la xarxa s\u00f3n important\u00edssimes. En el fons es discuteix si\u00a0el contingut ens arribar\u00e0 de i a tots de manera igual\u00a0o b\u00e9 qui m\u00e9s pagui tindr\u00e0 prioritat sobre els qui no paguin o que siguin compet\u00e8ncia. Parlem d&#8217;un pricipi que \u00e9s a la mateixa base d&#8217;internet de\u00a0llibertat d\u2019acci\u00f3, de donar poder a l&#8217;usuari i l&#8217;abs\u00e8ncia de controls.<\/p>\n<p>En relaci\u00f3 amb tot aix\u00f2 haurem d&#8217;esperar el veredicte final de l&#8217;FCC, que sembla que ser\u00e0 el maig del 2015. Mentrestant, gaudim d&#8217;una xarxa lliure i justa. Per\u00f2 ja sabeu quin \u00e9s el\u00a0principi de la selecci\u00f3 natural de Darwin: sobreviuen els forts, que adaptat als temps actuals vol dir que\u00a0sobreviuen els qui tenen m\u00e9s diners, o el qui \u00e9s el mateix,\u00a0el gran es menja al petit.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/d1pgpw7zkb4oww.cloudfront.net\/whisp32\/10wk\/em\" width=\"50%\" height=\"160\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-top:0px;\t\r\npadding-right:0px;\r\npadding-bottom:0px;\r\npadding-left:0px;\r\nmargin-top:0px;\r\nmargin-right:0px;\r\nmargin-bottom:0px;\r\nmargin-left:0px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share\" class=\"twitter-share-button\" \r\n\t\t\t\t        data-url=\"https:\/\/pensalla.cat\/?p=112\" \r\n\t\t\t\t        data-via=\"jjofra\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-text=\"La neutralitat de la xarxa\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-related=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-count=\"none\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-hashtags=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-lang=\"autoLANGauto\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-counturl=\"pensalla.cat\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-size=\"medium\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    data-dnt=\"false\"\t> Tweet <\/a> <\/div>\r\n\t\t                <script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    !function(d,s,id) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t      var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];\r\n\t\t\t\t\t      if(!d.getElementById(id)) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t       js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);\r\n\t\t\t\t\t      }\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    }\r\n\t\t\t\t\t   (document,\"script\",\"twitter-wjs\");\r\n\t\t\t\t\t    <\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tweet Fa molts dies que parlem de coses pr\u00e0ctiques, com ara fer diners la setmana passada. Aix\u00ed que he pensat de fer avui\u00a0una mica de teoria\u00a0i parlar d&#8217;un tema de molta actualitat, per\u00f2 poc analitzat perqu\u00e8 \u00e9s ben complicat: avui<span class=\"ellipsis\">&hellip;<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pensalla.cat\/?p=112\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">La neutralitat de la xarxa<\/span><span class=\"meta-nav\"> &#8250;<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p><!-- end of .read-more --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Fa molts dies que parlem de coses pr\u00e0ctiques, com ara fer diners la setmana passada. 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